Why Does Salt Melt Ice Understanding How It Works

You know that you can sprinkle salt on an icy road or sidewalk to help keep it from becoming icy, but do you know how salt melts ice? Take a look at freezing point depression to understand how it works. Key Takeaways: Why Salt Melts Ice Salt melts ice and help prevent re-freezing by lowering the freezing point of water. This phenomenon is called freezing point depression.The working temperature range isnt the same for all types of salt. For example, calcium chloride lowers the freezing point more than sodium chloride.In addition to melting ice, freezing point depression can be used to make ice cream without a freezer. Salt, Ice, and Freezing Point Depression Salt melts ice essentially because adding salt lowers the freezing point of the water. How does this melt ice? Well, it doesnt, unless there is a little water available with the ice. The good news is  you dont need a pool of water to achieve the effect. Ice typically is coated with a thin film of liquid water, which is all it takes. Pure water freezes at 32 °F (0 °C). Water with salt (or any other substance in it) will freeze at some lower temperature. Just how low this temperature will be depends on the de-icing agent. If you put salt on ice in a situation where the temperature will never get up to the new freezing point of the salt-water solution, you wont see any benefit. For example, tossing table salt (sodium chloride) onto ice when its 0 °F wont do anything more than coat the ice with a layer of salt. On the other hand, if you put the same salt on ice at 15 °F, the salt will be able to prevent melting ice from re-freezing. Magnesium chloride works down to 5 °F while calcium chloride works down to -20 °F. If the temperature gets down to where the salt water can freeze, energy will be released when bonds form as the liquid becomes a solid. This energy may be enough to melt a small amount of the pure ice, keeping the process going. Use Salt to Melt Ice  (Activity)   You can demonstrate the effect of freezing point depression yourself, even if you dont have an icy sidewalk handy. One way is to make your own ice cream in a baggie, where adding salt to water produces a mixture so cold it can freeze your treat. If you just want to see an example of how cold ice plus salt can get, mix 33 ounces of ordinary table salt with 100 ounces of crushed ice or snow. Be careful! The mixture will be about -6 °F (-21 °C), which is cold enough to give you frostbite if you hold it too long. Table salt dissolves into sodium and chloride ions in water. Sugar dissolves in water, but does not dissociate into any ions. What effect do you think adding sugar to water would have on its freezing point? Can you design an experiment to test your hypothesis? Beyond Salt and Water Putting salt on water isnt the only time freezing point depression occurs. Any time you add particles to a liquid, you lower its freezing point and raise its boiling point. Another good example of freezing point depression is vodka. Vodka contains both ethanol and water. Ordinarily, vodka does not freeze in a home freezer. The alcohol in the water lowers the freezing point of the water. Sources Atkins, Peter (2006). Atkins Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press. pp. 150–153. ISBN 0198700725.Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geoffrey (2002). General Chemistry (8th ed.). Prentice-Hall. p. 557-558. ISBN 0-13-014329-4.

The Great Authors And Poets Of History - 2014 Words

I. When asked to think of the great authors and poets of history, many think of names like Walt Whitman, Charles Dickens, Oscar Wilde or Ernest Hemmingway. Few people would consider the nineteenth century poet Edgar Allan Poe. Poe wrote countless poems and short stories of the horror genre. Poe’s early life, military activity, romantic relationships and life as an author all played a significant role in his writings and the formation of his career as an author and poet. The work Poe did years ago still impacts the world of literature today and has provided a basis for which today’s short stories are written and formatted. IIA. Edgar Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809 to actors David Poe and Elizabeth Arnold (Bloom, 141). Poe was second of three children; his brother would eventually grow up to become a poet as well (Edgar Allan Poe Museum, February 2016). When Poe was a child, his father David abandoned the family and his mother died. This caused Poe and his sis ter to be taken into the home of John Allan while his brother was taken to be raised by his grandfather. John Allan was a general merchant and he and his wife had no children. John Allan also wanted to become a writer, allowing him and Poe to have a natural relationship. Poe was able to adapt to the Allan home quickly (Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore, August 2015). Although Poe was never formally adopted by John Allan, he took on the name Edgar ‘Allan’ Poe (Bloom, 141) IIB. After Poe movedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Annotated Bibliography: Robert Graves1099 Words   |  5 Pagesorg/C2025243227/E518045992/index.html This analysis of Robert Graves, The Greek Myths, was far from what I expected. The author begins with stating that he is a great admirer of Robert Graves and has always enjoyed reading the Greek Myths. 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Democracy vs. Martial Law free essay sample

Martial Law Regime or Democratic Country Before the Filipinos attained the democracy of their country, they first experienced the different kind of discipline the most of their leaders gave, the Martial Law regime. Martial Law (Batas Militar) refers to the period of  Philippine history  wherein  Philippine Presidents  and  Heads of state  declared a proclamation to control troublesome areas under the rule of the  Military, and it is usually given when threatened by popular demonstrations, or to crack down on the opposition. Martial law can also be declared in cases of major natural disasters, however most countries use a different legal construct like state of emergency. Most of the leaders establish the dictatorship instead of democracy, because they thought that it would be the best way to help our country overcome the troubles of their country. The first leader, who established the first Martial law regime was Governor-General Ramon Blanco, next was General Emilio Aguinaldo, then Former President Jose P. We will write a custom essay sample on Democracy vs. Martial Law or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Laurel and last was one of the known dictators of the Philippines, Former President Ferdinand Marcos. He justified that it is because of the large threats of communist and Muslim rebels unto the country. Once in effect, it covered the entire republic on September 21, 1972. It was announced to the public two days later. The GNP of the country on that regime, increased at $11. 5 billion by 1980. From the declaration of Martial law, the US President gave $2. 5 billion for economic aid and bilateral military of the country. Everyone has a curfew on that time. Everyone shouldn’t be caught outside their residences from 12 o’clock midnight to 4 o’clock early morning. Or else, the cops will put you in jail, but will release you the next day. Depends on how heavy your mistake is. Marcos was very strict in that time. He started increasing the rates and prices in the market. Even the smallest mistake can lead you to a punishment. But the crimes lessen because most of the people are frightened and scared about the punishment they will receive if ever they’ll do something wrong. Cory Aquino established the democracy in the Philippines. She started the coalition of social and economic organizations. She also established the governance in which the people are the ones who â€Å"rule†. But what has happened only or have changed after Marcos administration is the increased of freedom of people to do whatever they wanted to do including the relentless and useless killings of everyone against their fellow Filipinos, most especially the media people, though the media people have gain more freedom to express their ideas and thoughts, murderers and killers have gain also more freedom to kill media people. It is a directly proportional freedom. Moreover, there is also an increase of murder and massacre crimes in the Philippines wherein still today these form of crimes were not yet totally solved though some cases were filed. Though democracy is the primal priority during the Ms. Aquino Administration, ironically, there are also a number of military coup d’ etats and nationwide brownouts or loss of electricity then, that is   because everyone have now more freedom to do whatever they wanted to do and to say whatever they wanted to say. But thanks God, the Philippines is still â€Å"check and balance† by the republic form of government that it has still today and not yet totally succumb to totally democratic system of government, lest the Philippines will self-annihilate itself. However, I don’t say that democracy is wrong, but too much of it could break down the system because of no major agreement of every aspect in life in the Philippines; too much of it could bring disharmony because everyone will be right on his or her own ways. And, of course, too much of discipline can lead to revolt of the people against its leader, or worse, to its country. To solve this dilemma and to use effectively the privileges of democracy in the country, the new Philippine president should, yes, create portals like public forums to bridge and voice out the ideas and wants of every citizen in the country that will discuss and articulate the advantage and disadvantage of everyone’s ideas. We should always balance things, neither less nor too much. On that way, we’re able to create a major consensus that will bring peace and harmony in the Philippines.

Environmental hw Essay Example

Environmental hw Paper After fossil fuels are created and depleted, they cannot be replaced in our civilization. This extremely long process takes thousands of years and if we were to replenish the depleted fossil fuels it would take millions of years. 2) How are fossil fuels formed? How do environmental conditions determine what type Of fossil fuel is formed in a given location? Why are fossil fuels often concentrated in localized deposits? Fossil fuels form by preserving the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. This organic matter then undergoes a slow process of anaerobic decomposition under sediments which form kerosene. After this, geothermal heating and pressure take action to change kerosene to create crude oil and thermometric natural gas. As a result crude oil and gas rest in porous rock layers. Lastly, coal is formed when plant matter is compacted very tightly that there is little decomposed. Environmental conditions determine what type of fossil fuel is formed in a given location by studying the chemical composition of the starting material, checking the temperatures and pressures of the material, any presence or absence of anaerobic decomposer, and how much time it takes. Fossil fuels are concentrated in localized deposits due to the uneven distribution on earths surface because some parts of the world contain more fossil fuels than others. The duration of a nations fossil fuel depends on extraction, consumption, and imports/exports to other nations. 4) Describe how coal is used to generate electricity. In a coal- fired power plant, electricity is generated by combustion coal to convert water to steam and leads to turbine. First, the coal is crushed and blown inside a high temperature furnace. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental hw specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental hw specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental hw specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Heat from combustion boils the water and the steam forms into turbine to turn the generator. This generates electricity by passing magnets through copper coils. Thereafter, steam is cooled and compressed in a circling loop and returns to the furnace. 5) How have geologists estimated the total amount of oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuges 1 002 Areas? How does this amount differ from the technically recoverable and economically recoverable amounts of oil? Geologists use seismic waves to survey the estimated underground geologic conditions at a site. By using techniques Of ground, air, and seismic graphs they show measurements that can infer the volume of the underground reserve. At Onwards 1002 Area, the total reserves are estimated between 1 1. 6 and 31. 5 billion barrels. The technically recoverable fraction of that total is between 4. 3 and 1 1. 8 billion barrels. The economically recoverable fraction varies with the price per barrel of the oil. At $30 per barrel it would be 3. 0 to 10. 4 billion barrels. 6) How do we create petroleum products? Provide examples of several of these products. Crude oil is a mix of hydrocarbons, so e can create petroleum products by separating its components. At the start of this process, crude oil is boiled or cooled, generating hydrocarbon components to evaporate and rise through a distillation column. Higher oils are separated from lower oils. As a result the refinement process produces an area of petroleum products such as diesel, gasoline, jet fuel, and other products. Some examples of these petroleum products are a toothbrush, shower curtains, cosmetics, and detergent which are products that are pretty common to us. 7) What is meant by peak oil? Why do many experts think we are about to pass the global production peak for oil? What consequences could there be for our society if we do not shift soon to renewable energy sources? Peak oil refers to when the rate of production of oil will reach its highest rate and decline gradually. If our production declines after the peak Of oil and demand continues to increase, scientists say we will fall into an oil shortage. Many experts think we are about to pass the production peak for oil since Hubert peak was proved to be accurate, every since 1970, U. S oil reduction peaked and has continued to decline ever since. Factors of this problem were the discoveries of new oil fields that peaked 30 years ago, but we still continue extract and consume more oil than we have been finding. In addition depending on year to year use for production, would make us unable to realize that we have pasted the peak of oil production until four years after, so we wouldnt even known if we passed the peak or not. For example many oil companies and government are untrustworthy about the amount of oil reserves there are, and the estimated difference on how much e can extract based on how much oil there is. Also, a U. S geological survey report shows that there are about 2 trillion barrels of oil left in the world and not 1 trillion. Developed countries such as the U. S continue to use this limited supply of oil because their demand is increasing rather than a developing country where they are beginning to industrialized. One thing is for sure, if the peak of oil does come about, it would affect the lives of everyone in the world, negatively. Cheap oil would be used to transport goods over long distances, he worlds economy would fall, and economies would become very limited. Urge cities such as New York City would no longer be supported by agriculture and without petroleum based fertilizers; we wouldnt be able to feed the world. Suburbs would turn into slums and crime rates would rise. The abuse of demand and supply of oil would indeed lead to these economic, social, and political outcomes if we do not shift into renewable energy sources. 8) Describe three environmental impacts of fossi l fuel production and consumption. Compare contrasting views regarding the environmental impacts of drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Burning crude oil adds greenhouse gases to the atmosphere; this creates climate change and global warming. Another impact of fossil fuel production and consumption is when burning crude oil releases sulfur dioxide (ASS) and nitrogen oxides into our atmosphere, this creates industrial or photochemical smog and acid rain. Pollution is another problem to the environment, oil spills can contaminate plants and animals because crude oil is toxic which can lead to killing them along with destroying biodiversity. This does not only apply to animals, but to humans as well by putting us at a high risk for health problems, even cancer due to exposure since burning oil can cause irritation of eyes, throat and lungs. Ever since oil spills have occurred there have been different perspectives regarding the drilling for oil in NAIR. On one side, scientists are concerned about damage to habitats in the Alaskan wildlife, based on the results of previous experience and small-scale manipulative studies. On the other hand, scientists argue that drilling at NAIR would have title environmental impact because of new technology that would be sensitive to the environment. 9) Give an example of a clean coal technology. Now describe how carbon capture and storage is intended to work. Drying coal with high water content is an example of clean coal technology, this is a cleaner way of burning and we gain more power from coal through gasification, which is less pollutant. Clean coal technologies are able to remove chemical contaminants from power plant emissions. Carbon capture storage intends to prevent carbon dioxide from coal combustion to reach our air. It seizes carbon dioxide emissions, turns it from a gas to liquid form and then stores it in the ocean or underground. This method also prevents greenhouse gases from increasing and climate change. 10) Describe two main approaches to energy conservation and give a specific example of each. Converting to renewable energy sources is a big approach to energy conservation by spending money for new technology, so our renewable source of energy would be the only thing we need. This change would solve many problems of depletion, price values, international policies, and environmental consequences. Examples of renewable energy sources are electric cars, and electricity generated from wind or solar energy. These sources conserve our energy. Another approach is personal choice, to reduce a persons energy consumption in order to conserve energy. This can be done by driving less and instead using a bicycle, turn off electric generated appliances when they are not in use, regulating thermostat use, and using less energy appliances. This choice can save you money while conserving resources. SEEKING SOLUTIONS 2) Compare the effects of coal and oil consumption on the environment. Which process, our use of oil or use of oil, do you think has ultimately had greater environmental impact, and why? What steps could governments, industries, and individuals take to reduce environmental impacts? The consumption of coal affects the environment by destroying land and habitats, declined biodiversity and erosion. It produces acid rain and a ton of contaminants. When coal is mined the landslides of the earth are disrupted due to mountain top removal and miners are at a health risk to having black lung disease. Oil also affects the environment in a similar way through a recess called petroleum production, it is a form of mining that pumps oil and gas from underground to the surface which also disorganized landslides. Workers exposed to transporting and refining oil are also at risk for carcinogens. In my opinion think oil has a greater environmental impact because we have such a limited supply left in certain regions, that if we take more from that area such as NAIR we would destroy biodiversity and maybe pollute it through oil spills, therefore it puts that environment in a potential risk for being degraded. Steps that can be taken by governments, industries ND individuals that can reduce environmental impacts are by following a renewable energy act. It would teach us to conserve the energy that we have and not depend so much on fossil fuels, especially Oil and coal. 3) If the United States and other developed countries reduced dependence on foreign oil and on fossil fuels in general, do you think that their economies would benefit or suffer? Might your answer be different from the short term and the long term? What factors come into play in trying to make such a judgment? At the start of reducing dependence on foreign oil and fossil fuels, heir economies would suffer because they have put their usage under a limited amount and there could be an economic depression through health problems, money and social disruption. This explains the short term side of it because this option is struggle from the beginning because of the change but on the long term of this, they would greatly benefit. It would be an introduction to a world of just renewable energy and conserved states of fossil fuels. Economic, social and political aspects take part into making this judgment. ) Contrast the differences of the Going people of Nigeria with hose of the citizens of Alaska. How have they been similar and different? Do you think businesses or governments should take steps to ensure that local people benefit from oil drilling operations? How could they do so? Alaskan withhold a better representation within their own state and country rather than the Going people in which the y dont have such a strong standing. They both have issues with oil companies that want to extract, transport and refine crude oil by all mean necessary because these companies believe it will do little impact to that environment. The Alaskan hold a representation in congress and have federal judicial courts to settle the oil drilling operations. However the Going people are sharing the same oil problems with neighboring people and have protested to oil companies about drilling crude oil on their land. Businesses and governments should take steps to ensure that local people benefit from oil drilling operations because that area is sacred to them but oppression on these people is not the way to go about it. Politics are involved, international laws should be established and their rights should be defied Ned.

Psychology Essay on Gender Differences

Psychology Essay on Gender Differences Free Online Research Papers Gender differences plague us at every point in life from jobs to sports to academics. Research has shown that their really is scientific reasons for these varying skills between males and females. Sports have always been an issue since the playground days of joking about how girls can’t do this or that and boys can. However, as we grow up we realize that this is far from the truth. There are clearly sports in which girls excel over boys and vice versa. For instance, girls naturally possess more strength in their lower bodies than boys and boys are the same way except with their upper bodies instead. This simple piece of information would lead me to believe that girls are better at sports that require more lower-body strength but that isn’t necessarily true. Most girls have tendencies to fear pain and be a â€Å"girly girl† which results in them staying away from contact sports such as football, rugby, or kick-boxing, all which use immense leg strength. Boys on the other hand have the tendency to try to outperform, take risks, as well as show off, especially within their peer group, when they compete in athletics. Boys also seem to be more physical and violent than most girls. All these factors cause the majority of males to participate in more dangerous and contact-driven sports. Of course, within these differences there are equalities and plenty of girls/boys who are better at the others’ stereo-typical sport. Just because boys are naturally more likely to act more dangerously than girls when choosing a sport won’t stop some of those females from beating them at their own game. If someone has the heart and the drive for something they want, that’s all they need to do it just as good as the next person. Research Papers on Psychology Essay on Gender DifferencesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesWhere Wild and West MeetThe Hockey GameThree Concepts of PsychodynamicGenetic Engineering

Outsourcing, alliances, mergers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Outsourcing, alliances, mergers - Research Paper Example This follows into the older model of competitive advantage for organizations; mergers and acquisitions. The paper concludes by evaluating the economics of each mode and understanding its need for businesses in the international arena. The confusion around globalization makes it harder to concretely define the term itself. In many cases, it is the prominent catchphrase for describing the process of international economic integration’ (Scholte, 2005, 16). In the context of the argument presented in this paper, globalization is viewed as an amalgamation of liberalization, universalization and westernization. Hence, it could be defined as the process of removing restrictions on movements between countries, creating a synthesis of cultures and spreading experiences to people in all corners of the world (Scholte, 2005). The birth of trade can be traced back to the time of the barter system – entities trading goods with one another, each valuing the other’s item equivalent to their own by a certain numerical degree, i.e. 1 is to 1, or 1 is to 10. With time, as trade expanded to larger volumes, the basic concept of valuation remained embedded in certain form. Inter-industry trade, where one country tends to export one good and import a wholly different type of good, is dominantly explained by comparative advantage. Prior to this concept, Adam Smith in 1766 proposed the theory of absolute advantage for international trade, where a country exports products that are produced cheaply compared to trading partners, and imports products produced more expensively. Hence, each country would hold absolute advantage in a product over the other. David Ricardo in 1817 brought about a different insight claiming international trade depends on opportunity costs (prices of one good expressed in terms of amount of other good needed to forego in order to purchase it) (Tayeb, 2000). Like other classical political economists, Ricardo’s

A marketing analysis of Procter & Gamble Research Paper

A marketing analysis of Procter & Gamble - Research Paper Example .. 6. Brand Management at P&G†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 7. Competition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8. Current Market Share†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9. Individual Product Branding†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10. Extending the Product Life Cycle of Existing Products†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11. Summary/Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12. Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13. Personal Learning through the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Works Cited Appendices A marketing analysis of Procter & Gamble 1. Purpose/Objective of Study The purpose of the research study is to examine the marketing prowess and strategies of the multi-national company Procter & Gamble (P&G), a business reporting $10.75 billion in net income in 2012. How Procter & Gamble is able to accomplish such significant revenues is likely attributable to not only the relevancy and sustainability of its products, but to its marketing prowess to gain consumer attention in multiple international and domestic markets. Th e objective of the study is to determine what aspects linked to marketing theory and practices contribute successfully to P&G’s capabilities to sustain its business longevity. 2. Executive Overview Research has identified that P&G is considerably competent in understanding how to market its products successfully to consumer segments with profit potential. Through a blend of psychographic segmentation and lifestyle-centric targeting and using quality-centric positioning tactics, the business is able to create a successful brand management strategy. Research has indicated that Procter & Gamble not only understands consumer behavior, but is able to translate this important knowledge successfully in its diverse portfolio of brands. Based on the findings, it is recommended that Procter & Gamble conduct further market research to gain a new perspective on the social condition for the contemporary buyer segments. 3. History and background of P&G Headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, Pr octer & Gamble was founded in 1837 by William Procter and James Gamble, a candle-making expert and soap producer in early America. By the time of the Civil War, P&G sales had topped $1 million. In today’s economy, adjusting for inflation between 1865 and 2012, this would be equivalent to $14.8 million (Friedman 1). During the Civil War, P&G was contracted to supply the Northern Army with much-needed candles and soap supplies, which provided P&G with much more visibility across the country. By 1911, Procter & Gamble could no longer sustain the high national demand for its products produced in Ohio, requiring development of new manufacturing and logistics centers across the country. Shortly thereafter, the business began producing Crisco which was a revolutionary food shortening product made from vegetable oil rather than the traditional method of using fats extracted from slaughtered animals. While P&G still continued to focus on household soap products, Procter & Gamble diver sified into foods production that drove much of its strategic focus through the 1970s. Procter & Gamble also began sponsoring radio programs with the advent of the consumer radio network, which coined the phrase